Two Views on Global Warming - Free Essay Example

In recent years, the global warming crisis has been a hot topic, one that is often coined by Republicans as a â€Å"liberal issue.† In Scott Waldman’s article, â€Å"Republican lawmaker: Rocks tumbling into ocean causing sea level rise,† he articulates some of the central claims made by Republicans and Democrats on the U.S. House of Representatives Science, Space and Technology Committee. The conversation was argued by a leading climate scientist, who was often involved in correcting misstatements by both sides. To understand why each group feels so passionately about the cause of the issue, what their underlying beliefs are. On the one hand, we have a group of people who believe that humans are the sole cause of the global warming crisis. Greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel burning, and a string of other human activities have caused Earth’s temperatures to rise, at incredible rates. Their belief system could be classified as a reverse commons theory as defined in Garret Hardin’s (1968) article, â€Å"Tragedy of the Commons.† In his article, he describes how humans have been taking away from the commons for so long and how the planet cannot keep up with these demands indefinitely. Conversely, global warming is a result of things being added to our commons such as the atmosphere, by humans. This parallels the article from written by Katherine Wu (2018) from the Smithsonian, who described the dire state of our planet, where even a two-degree increase in temperature would cause immense problems. The other group does not have much sense of urgency but has shifted from claiming that global warming was not taking place at all, to identifying other causes than humans. Mo Brooks, a Republican from Alabama stated that the cause of the oceans rising was merely sediment or rocks being deposited on the bottom of the oceans. This was refuted by the climate scientists, Duffy, who pointed out that these changes would have minuscule effects on a geological timescale. The same feelings are held by a majority of Republicans who believe even if humans are contributing to global warming, it is not enough to be the full causal mechanism. This attribution of responsibility is the determining factor between these two groups. The first group has an urgency to the research and data collection that supports their beliefs, but also shows the fragile state of our planet. These scientists spend millions of dollars a year on these endeavors, and much of the same is always found; global warming is happening, but now it is an even more pressing issue. It must be realized though that data can be skewed, which was reiterated by Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA), who was bothered that the climate scientist, who had been accused of tampering with data in the past, was not further questioned by the committee. Statements like these show a cause of the tension between the two groups, which is the skepticism of scientists. These scientists who do highly specialized work, out of the general public’s sight, and bring back evidence that refutes our traditional beliefs are often not accepted. This issue was discussed in an article by Handlin (1965), where he stated that we have ambivalence towards the scientific community. This love-hate relationship works by scientists bringing about new findings that can benefit us, and also findings that challenge our traditional way of beliefs (Handlin, 1965). Although most of the second group remains skeptical about data that names humans as the leading cause, there has been a rapid change in some perspectives of this group. According to a NY Times article by Nadja Popovich and Livia Albeck-Ripka (2017), the viewpoints of Republicans in areas that are experiencing the effects of global warming, are the ones who are now realizing that their actions may have more of an effect on the situation than anticipated. This further shows the fluidity of our traditions in these circumstances. This change in viewpoint of some of the second group does bring a sense of hope because they are beginning to realize the fragile state of our planet, and take some action to lessen the effects of human activity.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 1366 Words

Great Expectations Considering the meaning of inheritance, most people might argue that money is the best inheritance that they can get. Although money takes huge parts of human’s life, there are many values that are more valuable than just money. The novel, Great Expectation, starts with early life of Pip, an orphan who is raised by his sister and brother in law. Growing a dream of becoming a blacksmith like his brother-in-law, Pip was innocent and fulfilled with his plain and the peaceful life. However, after Pip meets several life-changing events, such as meeting with Miss Havisham and becoming a great heritor, Pip confronts with many inner conflicts and adapts to the new circumstances, which allow him to become a more sophisticated gentleman while losing the true happiness and pure heart. Pip significantly contributes to the several themes of this novel. Over the course of Great Expectations, Pip matures by learning that soon got soon gone, that one should take care of peo ple who are easily thought to be taken for granted, and that the gentleman’s quality is not decided by one’s wealthy and fame. As Pip matures, he learns a lesson that soon got soon gone. Before a certain point of his life, Pip was an unworldly boy. Therefore, he was satisfied enough with his normal life with Joe and with his austere dream of becoming a blacksmith. The time when Pip realizes the importance and the necessity of the money is when Pip is invited by Ms. Havisham and sees Estella. PipShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Government Control and Free Will in A Clockwork Orange...

A Clockwork Orange, a novel written by Anthony Burgess in the 1960’s takes place in dystopian future in London, England. The novel is about a fifteen year old nadsat (teenager) named Alex who along with his droogs (friends) commit violent acts of crime and opts to be bad over good. In time, Alex finds himself to be in an experiment by the government, making him unable to choose between good and evil, thus losing his ability of free will, and being a mere clockwork orange. A â€Å"clockwork orange† is a metaphor for Alex being controlled by the government, which makes him artificial because he is unable to make the decision of good verses evil for himself and is a subject to what others believe is right. In A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess†¦show more content†¦Finally, at the end of the novel in Part Three, Alex is â€Å"cured† and has reverted back to his previous state of having a choice between being good or evil, thus acquiring that sense of free w ill once more. In part one of the novel, we witness the ability of free will that Alex possesses and his ability to choose between good and evil through contrast presented by darkness of night and lightness of day. At the beginning of the novel, Alex and his droogs (friends), Pete, Georgie, and Dim are at the Kovova Milkbar, roaming the streets and committing violent acts during night. Alex and his droogs encounter an old man who is drunk and is singing a sentimental song. Alex instantly chooses the path of evil with the free will that he encompasses, and along with his droogs they beat the old man while laughing at his misery. The old man complains about the â€Å"stinking world† and says, â€Å"It’s a stinking world because it lets the young get on to the old like you done, and there’s no law nor order no more.† (Part 2, Chapter 2, Page 12) At night, Alex uses violence and chooses to beat, rape, and murder innocent people because it shows that he has freedom of choice and has authority and power in society. Alex’s interpretation of darkness and night is, â€Å"The night belonged to me and my droogs and all the rest of the nadsats (teenagers), and the starry bourgeois lurked indoors†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Part 1, Chapter 4, Page 33). In contrast,Show MoreRelatedAnthony Burgess and A Clockwork Orange987 Words   |  4 Pagesnothing you can do about it. Anthony Burgess created this world through his novel, A Clockwork Orange. Anthony Burgess was born in 1917 and died in 1963. A lot of social changes occurred during this period of time, such as: the roaring twenties, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and many more. Burgess not only lived through those changes, but also helped influences some social changes in literature and music. Anthony Burgess was a jack-of-all-trades throughoutRead MoreA Clockwork Orange1450 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange is a dystopian novel set in an oppres sive, futuristic state. Published in 1962, A Clockwork Orange is an extremely intense, graphic, and, at times, horrifying novel. A reader begins to question their own values as they become numb and desensitized to the violence at hand. Both behaviorism and free will is occurring throughout A Clockwork Orange. A Clockwork Orange brings up a question, how much control of our own free will do we actually have? Do we reallyRead More What Title? Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages A Clockwork Orange : Chosen Evil vs. Forced Morality nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What becomes of a man stripped of his free will? Does he continue to be a man, or does he cease? These are questions that Anthony Burgess tries to answer. Written in the middle of Burgess’ writing career, A Clockwork Orange was a reflection of a youth subculture of violence and terrorization that was beginning to emerge in the early 1960s. The novel follows Alex, a young hoodlum who is arrested for his violent actsRead MoreThe Theme Of Immorality In A Clockwork Orange1299 Words   |  6 PagesImagine every night being the blackest of nights, where even the police do not stop the criminals lurking in the corners. This is the world in Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange, where a dystopian society in which juvenile delinquents roam free to terrorize the night is chronicled. Your Humble Narrator, Alex DeLarge, is a member of this appalling culture of teenagers. Over the course of the novel, he performs unspeakable acts of ultraviolence with his dr oogs, which land him behind bars in StajaRead MoreA Clockwork Orange, by Stanley Kubrick1139 Words   |  5 PagesKubrick’s 1971 film adaptation of Anthony Burgess’ 1963 novel, A Clockwork Orange has been used to explore contemporary anxieties. A Clockwork Orange takes place in an outlandish and dreary vision of future Britain governed by an oppressive, totalitarian super government. In this society, ordinary people have fallen into a dazed state of complacency, unaware of the sinister growth of a rampant, violent youth culture. Anthony Burgess wrote his short novel A Clockwork Orange in 1962 as a way of coming toRead More A Clockwork Orange, by Stanley Kubrick Essay example1522 Words   |  7 PagesA Clockwork Orange is a Stanley Kubrick film from 1971. Kubrick directed the film and wrote the screen play based on the 1962 novel from author Anthony Burgess. A Clockwork Orange was originally rated, â€Å"X† and nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Film Editing and Best Screenplay, but lost in each category to William Friedkins The French Connection (filmsite.org). The set design is by John Barry, costume design by Milena Canonero, music by Wendy Carlos and cinematography by John AlcottRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay: Existentialist Analysis1535 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Burgess A Clockwork Orange  Ã‚     Ã‚   Freedom and liberalism are catchwords that appear frequently in both philosophical and political rhetoric. A free man is able to choose his actions and his value system, to express his views and to develop his most authentic character. What this kind of idealistic liberalism seems to forget, however, is that liberty does not mean a better society, better life or humanistic values such as equality and justice. In his novel A Clockwork Orange (1962),Read MoreCritical Analysis Of A Clockwork Orange791 Words   |  4 Pages A Clockwork Orange is a modern science fiction classic that should not be missed. Anthony Burgess describes a very dark and disturbing near future that is scary mostly because it seems so possible. Young thugs and gangs run amok leaving a wake of violence. The only thing more terrifying is the State and their way of dealing with criminals. A Clockwork Orange is told from the first person viewpoint of a young teenage thug named Alex. This viewpoint along with the futuristic street languageRead MoreEssay on The Need for Brutality in A Clockwork Orange 4668 Words   |  19 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Burgess A Clockwork Orange, a critically acclaimed masterstroke on the horrors of conditioning, is unfairly attacked for apparently gratuitous violence while it merely uses brutality, as well as linguistics and a contentious dà ©nouement, as a vehicle for deeper themes. Although attacks on A Clockwork Orange are often unwarranted, it is fatuous to defend the novel as nonviolent; in lurid content, its opening chapters are trumped only by wanton killfests like Natural Born Killers. BurgessRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay551 Words   |  3 Pages A Clockwork Orange Authors who write of other times and places help us to better understand our own lives. Discuss A Clockwork Orange in terms of that statement. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A â€Å"clockwork orange† can be described as something that has a convincing outer appearance yet in the inside is merely controlled by outer influences, such as a clock set in motion by its owner. In A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess takes us into the future where violent criminals are forced to be â€Å"good

Societies and Identities Exam Review free essay sample

What is the basic argument of the Malthusians? What kinds of evidence fail to support their argument? The Malthusian perspective is that as the population increased so did the demand for resources such as food and with that came the prices of items going up since it was in such great demand and Malthus also said that there was no way that disaster could occur. What he failed to see was that as population increased the agricultural techniques would result in constant increasing food production, but that was the case. Why isn’t it straightforward to identify the Earth’s â€Å"carrying capacity†? The reason why it is hard to identify Earth’s carrying capacity is because our capacity for culture and symbolic thought enables us to constantly change and alter our diets and the way we exploit the environment for food. What, according to Robbins, is the ideology of Malthusian concerns? The ideology of Malthusian concerns is question why the poor existed and what their purpose was, and that poverty existed due to over population because people did not want to change their ways. What is â€Å"demographic transition theory,† and what, according to Robbins, do its theorists regard as an answer to high population growth in poor countries? What, according to Robbins, is wrong about demographic transition theory? The demographic transition theory is that the world population growth increased only very slowly from human beginnings to around 1750, and this was maintained due to high death rates. And in poor countries people fail to use birth control methods in order to control the population growth. How and why did the economic expansion of the world capitalist economy changed reproductive behaviors? It is determined by a number of factors which include the period of fertility and the cultural and society. What is â€Å"wealth flows theory†? How does it explain why the demand for children in poor countries remains high, and the circumstances under which such demand declines? The wealth flows theory says that there are only two decisions that can be made by families and they are to have no economic gain to restricting fertility or to have economic gain. This means that a family see children as assets and they would either make a family money or make them suffer economically. What problems might emerge or increase in poor countries if they become more oriented to the nuclear family structure? Chapter Six, â€Å"Hunger, Poverty, and Economic Development† Is world hunger the result of insufficient food production? Is famine the most common reason for hunger? Is famine caused by food insufficiency? Is hunger caused by overpopulation? There is enough food in the world to feed the population on a vegetarian diet but not in poor countries there is enough food for everyone, famine is not the most common reason for hunger daily efficiency. Famine isn’t cause by food insufficiency but by the lack of work and the fact that people had no money or land, and it is not caused by overpopulation people don’t have the resources that they need. Why is it possible to be malnourished or to starve in the world today? From massive unemployment and high food prices. Historically, why have people left the land on which they produced their own food to seek wage employment, which requires that they buy food from others? People have left the land,,,due to the emergence of cities. This shift was due to the cities and the higher standards of living that was being provided. Why, perhaps, did humans shift from gathering and hunting to domesticating plants and animals? Suggested increase in population density may have required people to forage over larger areas in search of food, but by having domesticating animals and plants was very Neolithic. What is the advantage of plow and irrigation agriculture? In what parts of the world did irrigation agriculture begin? What are the costs of irrigation agriculture? Where did plow agriculture begin? What is swidden agriculture? What are its advantages? Bangladesh or Mesopotamia. Swidden a plot of land is cleared by cutting down the vegetation spreading it over the area. To use for planting and then burned. Seeds are planted and the plants are cultivated and then harvested. What was the most important change in food production inspired by the transformation of food into a capitalist commodity? What are the changes advantages and disadvantages? Why is high agricultural productivity essential for the growth of cities, manufacturing, and services? Finally the role of food as a capitalist commodity resulted in the increase intervention of the state of the food production What is the â€Å"neocaloric revolution,† and what are its problems? What is the â€Å"green revolution,† and what are its problems? What is the â€Å"green revolution II,† and what are its problems? A system that is technologically intensive and substitutes nohuman energy for human energy. The intensification f the use of technology in agriculture is largely the result of what has been called the green revolution. The Green revolution soon ran into some problems. In the capitalist economy, what determines the production of food, including what kinds of food are produced? Under what circumstances is food production discouraged? For example food production is not determined necessarily by the global need for food-that is, how many people have the means to pay for it. From Amartya Sen’s perspective, hunger is a failure of what, and is based on what conditions? Hunger can be seen as a failure of entitlements, and is based on the socially defined rights to food sources. Was there insufficient food during the Irish potato famine of 1846-47? What were the causes of Malawi’s famine in 1949? What is the lesson of these famines? No it was sent to those who could afford to pay for it, and in Malawi the case was that entitlements were used but the famine was started by a drought. Why is more attention given to famine than to endemic hunger? What have been the causes of endemic hunger in Brazil? Famine is more viewed because it doesn’t give the government a bad reputation like endemic hunger does. Also, endemic hunger makes the government look like they don’t care for their people enough. Brazil suffered endemic hunger because the government tried to change economically but they couldn’t keep up with the payments to the World Bank. In what ways is â€Å"health a political symbol subject to manipulation†? What are the consequences for the poor? The government can turn starvation into a medical issue, and instead of needing food they provide the people with medication. Why, according to Robbins, is â€Å"economic development† not a solution to poverty and hunger? What are the three features of economic development that lead it to cause, rather than solve, problems? How does James Scott describe these features and their consequences? Why is foreign aid not a solution to poverty and hunger? What are the good and not so good features of the Grameen Bank’s â€Å"microcredit† approach to reducing hunger and poverty? How are hunger and poverty based on the relations between consumer, laborer, capitalist, and nation-state? Hunger is not caused by a lack of food only by the lack of the ability to buy the food. Chapter 7, â€Å"Environment and Consumption† What countries have the highest per capita rates of energy usage and carbon emissions? The US and Canada How many hectares of land are required to maintain the consumption level of the average person in a high-consumption country? How do such countries make up for deficits in such land? At least 15 acres, and the deficit is made up through trade. How is the history of sugar tied to the emergence and growth of the capitalist world economy? How has it involved relations between consumer, laborer, capitalist, and nation-state? How did the diet of the English working class change in the 1800s? When it comes to â€Å"the case of sugar† there is a long historical past of xploitation as well as the interaction with the laborers, consumers and the economy its self. Sugar sold as a product that held health benefits to those who could afford to buy it and use it. During A. D 1000 Sugar was seen as a luxury and used as a spice and medicine. Since sugar was a commodity it soon was in great demand especially in the 18th and 19th centuries and the West Indies saw a great incr ease in their revenues, but since it was in great demand they needed to make more of it so that meant clearing out of forests and more man power which meant more slaves to do the dirty work. It was also sugar itself that helped many countries such as Spain and Portugal become big in the trading market because they had so much of what people needed but they needed workers and they would get these slaves from Africa to work on their plantations in the Canary Islands and Madeira. Sugar is basically a great example of how a nation-state who mediated the interaction between the capitalist the laborer and the consumer produces a long lasting global problem. Today during the modern times sugar is still greatly consumed and sold due to the â€Å"language† that is used by the marketers when it comes to advertising fast food to the public. Items with sugar are also more available to the lower classes because it is so cheap and the healthy food is more expensive. Sugar can be seen as the everyday fix that most Americans need, while at the same time generating vast amounts of wealth to those who sell their products. What are â€Å"drug foods,† and what have been their role since the industrial revolution? What is the impact of raising cattle for beef on the environment? How efficient is beef as a food source? How good is beef for our health? What has been the role of meat in the diet of most societies historically? Half of the water that we used is to feed cattle and grow grains. Issues include the amount of manure that the cattle leave behind as well as the methane gases that they release, as well as the slaughter transportation and the cooking of the beef itself. What was the role of cattle-beef production in the Irish Potato Famine? How did cattle-beef production affect Argentina and the U. S.? Regarding the U. S. how did cattle-beef production affect the Great Plains and American Indians? How has it influenced corn farming, and what are the consequences? How has cattle-beef production—past and present—involved relations between consumer, laborer, capitalist, and nation-state? What has been the impact of the modern â€Å"hamburger economy† on poor countries such as Costa Rica? During the famine the amount of cattle that was a vailable had increased greatly DUE TO THE FACT THAT most of the grains were being exported to other countries that could afford to pay for them, so they increased their profits. What is the difference between the â€Å"factory model† and the â€Å"agro-ecology model† of agricultural production? How have rich countries exported pollution? Chapter 8, â€Å"Disease† What have arguably been â€Å"signature† diseases of various periods of world history? What do signature diseases reveal about particular times and places in history? How do such revelations pertain to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? AIDS is a perfect example because it has become the signature disease for the culture of capitalism *smallpox **malaria **TB *polio **cholera Increases in population density and also the ways in which people took over the habitats of other animals when settling down. What four things are necessary for a pathogen to kill us? How do the four things pertain to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? *We must come into contact with the pathogen/vector *the pathogen must be virulent *if we come into contact with a deadly pathogen it must be able to evade our body’s immune system *the pathogen must be able to circumvent whatever measures our society has developed to prevent it from doing harm. Because human behavior is largely dictated by culture, these cultural patterns paly a major role in creating or inhibiting opportunities for pathogens to spread. How did the shift from gathering/hunting to early agriculture change the relationship between microbes and humans? How has the history of urbanization change this relationship? How have these shifts pertained to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? These animals were carrying the ticks on them and most likely came into contact with the hunters and came into the households since they were placed in the animal’s habitat. The best argument is that the kinds of lives that we lead as well as the cultures and patterns of social relations that we contact maintain and reproduce. We can make the comparison of the hunter and gatherers as well as the more sedentary communities that came after them. It was said that it was easier to care for the sick if a small population was sedentary rather than mo ving around so much, and that small scattered populations had less of a chance of encountering disease as did those that lived in large dense populated areas. So the living standards and how people took care of the environment and the way in which they interacted with it was a great component. Being a sedentary population had its advantages because you had fewer pathogens to deal with, but at the same time it became more favorable conditions for them and once they began to domesticate animals gave them additional pathogens that they had to deal with. How have the environmental diseases of the past fifty years or so influenced the spread of disease? How has this influenced pertained to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? How has the emergence and spread of AIDS reflected contemporary relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? Hierarchical diffusion , the disease jumps from one living hub to another. When it comes to disease what needs to be noted is the fact that the relationship between human behavior and their culture greatly affects how we come into contact and deal with certain diseases. AIDS is a perfect example because it has become the signature disease for the culture of capitalism, and it is mostly predominant in poor countries and Africa. Africa alone is said to house 5% of the world’s population in AIDS. Another example can be Lyme disease, Lyme disease came about when people had decided that they would cut own the forests and this allowed for a great population of deer and mice to increase since their predators were eradicated. These animals were carrying the ticks on them and most likely came into contact with the hunters and came into the households since they were placed in the animal’s habitat. The best argument is that the kinds of lives that we lead as well as the cultures and patterns of social relations that we contact maintain and reproduce. We can make the comparison of the hunter and gatherers as well as the more sedentary communities that came after them. It was said that it was easier to care for the sick if a small population was sedentary rather than moving around so much, and that small scattered populations had less of a chance of encountering disease as did those that lived in large dense populated areas. So the living standards and how people took care of the environment and the way in which they interacted with it was a great component. Being a sedentary population had its advantages because you had fewer pathogens to deal with, but at the same time it became more favorable conditions for them and once they began to domesticate animals gave them additional pathogens that they had to deal with. Chapter 9, â€Å"Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Conflict† Why have indigenous cultures commonly been destroyed in the history of the nationstate and world capitalism? These cultures have been destroyed because the nation state wants to provide them with more standard methods of living and when they are destroyed it is because one ethnic group enjoys an economic advantage over the other, and because their way of life differs greatly from that of the culture of capitalism. What are the common characteristics of indigenous cultures? *they frequently move around and that makes them difficult to control, *they have ownership of land and resources that the state needs/wants, *as well as the kinship based culture social structure that they have, *plus most small scaled indigenous groups tend to be egalitarian (equal). What processes are involved in â€Å"ethnocide†? the establishment of a frontier situation and advancing through military intervention *the extension of government control *the global destruction of indigenous culture through land takeovers, cultural modification, economic development Why are capitalism and democracy â€Å"a volatile combination† when there is a marketdominant minority? Where there is a market dominant minority capitalism AND DEMOCRACY are a volatile combination. Genocide can be seen as an externality of the market because of the way that it target one group when the once stable economy in a country seems to go wrong. Most people seem to think that genocide arises solely based on ethnic issues when really economics is the leading reason as to why genocide occurs, when really he factors that need to be considered are the incompatibility between democracies, the markets, and a group’s reaction to sudden economic deprivation brought about by radical market reforms. Why is the case of Rwandan genocide â€Å"hardly a simple matter of tribal warfare or ancient hatreds? † Another example can be Rwanda where the colonial history as well as the global economic integration combined to produce genocide. Basically, genocide is when a group needs a scapegoat to put all of their problems. When the Tutsi were given the power they used it to take land from the hutu and the hutus were basically left to serve the tutsi.